ABSTRACT
Purpose@#sThe study aimed to translate the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) into Indonesian and test the cultural equivalence, reliability, and validity of the new version for university students. @*Methods@#The cross-sectional study recruited 379 Indonesian university students using convenience sampling. Phase 1, a culturally appropriate version of the ESES was developed in the Indonesian language. Phase 2, the psychometric properties were determined through exploratory factor analysis, bootstrap factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency reliability was tested using Cronbach's α, whereas the stability using intraclass correlation coefficient to assess. @*Results@#The students' ages ranged from 17 to 39 years, and 65.0% were women. For translation equivalence, the mean item content validity indexes ranged from 3.5 to 4, and all items were understandable. The 16-item scale exhibited cross-cultural appropriateness and readability, with a three-factor model explaining 62.3% of the variance in exercise self-efficacy. A bootstrap analysis using 100 resamples further confirmed the three-factor model. The indices of the good-fit model that used the three-factor by two-stage least squares method were satisfactory, with χ2/df = 3.3, goodness of fit index = .88, and root mean-square error of approximation = .05 (p < .001). The Cronbach's α was .78, .80, and .92 for factors 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The test--retest reliability was demonstrated with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .91, indicating adequate measurement stability. @*Conclusion@#The 16-item ESES-I has acceptable validity and reliability; however, a broader application of the scale requires further testing in different populations to confirm its external validity.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#sThe study aimed to translate the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) into Indonesian and test the cultural equivalence, reliability, and validity of the new version for university students. @*Methods@#The cross-sectional study recruited 379 Indonesian university students using convenience sampling. Phase 1, a culturally appropriate version of the ESES was developed in the Indonesian language. Phase 2, the psychometric properties were determined through exploratory factor analysis, bootstrap factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency reliability was tested using Cronbach's α, whereas the stability using intraclass correlation coefficient to assess. @*Results@#The students' ages ranged from 17 to 39 years, and 65.0% were women. For translation equivalence, the mean item content validity indexes ranged from 3.5 to 4, and all items were understandable. The 16-item scale exhibited cross-cultural appropriateness and readability, with a three-factor model explaining 62.3% of the variance in exercise self-efficacy. A bootstrap analysis using 100 resamples further confirmed the three-factor model. The indices of the good-fit model that used the three-factor by two-stage least squares method were satisfactory, with χ2/df = 3.3, goodness of fit index = .88, and root mean-square error of approximation = .05 (p < .001). The Cronbach's α was .78, .80, and .92 for factors 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The test--retest reliability was demonstrated with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .91, indicating adequate measurement stability. @*Conclusion@#The 16-item ESES-I has acceptable validity and reliability; however, a broader application of the scale requires further testing in different populations to confirm its external validity.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to test the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ-I) among patients with hypertension. METHODS: The cross-sectional study enrolled hypertensive patients from a cardiac outpatient department in Indonesia using convenience sampling. Eligible patients received a demographic questionnaire and DSRQ-I during a one-month period of data collection. Content and construct analysis examined the validity, whereas internal consistency assessment checked reliability. Participation required 10–15 minutes on average. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-five patients participated: mostly females (54.1%) and married (82.9%) with mean age of 58.18 ± 10.44 years. The item of content validity index was .97, and subscale content validity index was .81 for DSRQ-I. The KaisereMeyereOlkin test gave a value of .83, indicating adequate sampling, and the Bartlett's test of sphericity reached significant result (p < .001). The principal component analysis indicated three components, with 64.2% explaining variance, including perceived behavioral control (35.5%), attitude (19.3%), and subjective norm (9.4%). Confirmatory factor analysis produced a parsimonious model on the three-factor outcome by removing a single item. The indices of good fit model was achieved at χ2/df = 2.17, goodness fit index = .85, root mean square error of approximation = .09, standardized root mean square means = .07, and Bentler comparative fit index = .90 (p < .001). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were .85, .87, and .85, respectively. All interitem and item-total correlations indicated adequate outcome and acceptable result. Consequently, 15 items were determined reliable measurement and included in the final version of DSRQ-I. CONCLUSION: The DSRQ-I is a valid and reliable instrument to measure facilitators and barrier of sodium restriction among hypertensive patients in Indonesia.